Technology and Science

Does science and technology always have a positive effect on society? Technology and society refers to cyclical co-dependence, co-influence, co-production of technology and society upon the other. This synergistic relationship occurred from the dawn of humankind, with the invention of simple tools and continues into modern technologies such as the printing press and computers. The academic discipline studying the impacts of science, technology, and society and vice versa is called (and can be found at) Science and technology studies. Science is â€Å"knowledge attained through study or practice,† or â€Å"knowledge covering general truths of the operation of general laws, esp. as obtained and tested through scientific method and concerned with the physical world.† Science is a branch of knowledge or study dealing with the body of facts or truths systematically arranged and showing the operation of general laws.Technology, when thought of is what man has created (â€Å" tech† means craft). Technology can govern what is said about art or applied sciences. Technology affects our society because technology is all around us. It is what allows us to advance forward through our eras. Primitive technology could be considered hammers made by Neanderthals. Science is very different from technology. Science is not what we can create, but is more focused on our world and how it functions.Learning how a bird flies is science, but mimicking a bird through aviation would be technology. Science is about gathering knowledge through a systematic perspective and creating theories and laws to prove what we have learned. Science IS our world and that is how it affects the world.Science affects society in many ways it can benefit or make the society to devastate as in when the nuclear or atom bomb were invented they were not was not meant to harm the society but during the world war 2 cities known as Hiroshima and Nagasaki were totally destroyed so science should be accompanied with humanity because if science without humanity is useless the biggest example is global warming, the automobiles were meant to make travelling easy not to harm the environment so science does affect the society but it depends on us that if we take it in a positive way or in a way to devastation of the society Science has resulted in major advances in medicine, which has resulted in increased life expectancy, lower birth mortality rates, and treatments for illnesses that were previously terminal resulting in increased population size.Competition for a place as a  functional member of society is increased, as well as the competition with other societies to increase the capital to support a large society and fuel a progressive economy. Also, science provides us with a sense that there is â€Å"proof†, or factual evidence for the otherwise unexplained. Science and technology has created many new machines for example machine gun, tanks , smoke gas and many mor e which helped nations to fight and win the war without having to loss many solders due to planes travel faster and carry heavy bomb loads. Technology made transportation easier and faster for better transportation for goods and services.Science has also made life easier building elevators and developing of internal steel skeletons to bear weight of buildings and many more building to make life easier for the people to live. Science had taken traditional and modern ideas. The first human to step on the moon. Another better controversy highlights the growing rift between traditional and modern ideas. Science and technology has done a lot for the society which is beneficial but at times it does affect the society in a negative way. Science and technology has a great affection on the society because today’s society runs on science and technology.Science and technology are on our figure tips because known life of young people runs on science and technology mobile computer and oth er new invention has bought the world to a greater standard. From my point of view science and technology has a positive effect on our society. Because of today’s generation can’t lie a single day without phones and internet which clearly show how important technology is for our society.

The Twilight Saga 5: Midnight Sun 4. Visions

I went back to school. This was the right thing to do, the most inconspicuous way to behave. By the end of the day, almost all the other students had returned to class, too. Just Tyler and Bella and a few others – who were probably using the accident as a chance to ditch – remained absent. It shouldn't be so hard for me to do the right thing. But, all afternoon, I was gritting my teeth against the urge that had me yearning ditch, too – in order to go find the girl again. Like a stalker. An obsessessed stalker. An obsessessed, vampire stalker. School today was – somehow, impossibly – even more boring than it had seemed just a week ago. Coma-like. It was as if the color had drained from the bricks, the trees, the sky, the faces around me†¦ I stared at the cracks in the walls. There was another right thing I should be doing†¦that I was not. Of course, it was also a wrong thing. It all depended on the perspective from which you viewed it. From the perspective of a Cullen – not just a vampire, but a Cullen, someone who belonged to a family, such a rare state in our world – the right thing to do would have gone something like this: â€Å"I'm surprised to see you in class, Edward. I heard you were involved in that awful accident this morning.† â€Å"Yes, I was, Mr. Banner, but I was the lucky one.† A friendly smile. â€Å"I didn't get hurt at all†¦ I wish I could say the same for Tyler and Bella.† â€Å"How are they?† â€Å"I think Tyler is fine†¦just some superficial scrapes from the windshield glass. I'm not sure about Bella, though.† A worried frown. â€Å"She might have a concussion. I heard she was pretty incoherent for a while – seeing things even. I know the doctors were worried†¦Ã¢â‚¬  That's how it should have gone. That's what I owed my family. â€Å"I'm surprised to see you in class, Edward. I heard you were involved in that awful accident this morning.† â€Å"I wasn't hurt.† No smile. Mr. Banner shifted his weight from foot to foot, uncomfortable. â€Å"Do you have any idea how Tyler Crowley and Bella Swan are? I heard there were some injuries†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I shrugged. â€Å"I wouldn't know.† Mr. Banner cleared his throat. â€Å"Er, right†¦Ã¢â‚¬  he said, my cold stare making his voice sound a bit strained. He walked quickly back to the front of classroom and began his lecture. It was the wrong thing to do. Unless you looked at it from a more obscure point of view. It just seemed so†¦so unchivalrous to slander the girl behind her back, especially when she was proving more trustworthy than I could have dreamed. She hadn't said anything to betray me, despite having good reason to do so. Would I betray her when she had done nothing but keep my secret? I had a nearly identical conversation with Mrs. Goff – just in Spanish rather than in English – and Emmett gave me a long look. I hope you have a good explanation for what happened today. Rose is on the warpath. I rolled my eyes without looking at him. I actually had come up with a perfectly sound explanation. Just suppose I hadn't done anything to stop the van from crushing the girl†¦ I recoiled from that thought. But if she had been hit, if she'd been mangled and bleeding, the red fluid spilling, wasting on the blacktop, the scent of the fresh blood pulsing through the air †¦ I shuddered again, but not just in horror. Part of me shivered in desire. No, I would not have been able to watch her bleed without exposing us all in a much more flagrant and shocking way. It was a perfectly sound excuse†¦but I wouldn't use it. It was too shameful. And I hadn't thought of it until long after the fact, regardless. Look out for Jasper, Emmett went on, oblivious to my reverie. He's not as angry†¦but he's more resolved. I saw what he meant, and for a moment the room swam around me. My rage was so all-consuming that a red haze clouded my vision. I thought I would choke on it. SHEESH, EDWARD! GET A GRIP! Emmett shouted at me in his head. His hand came down on my shoulder, holding me in my seat before I could jump to my feet. He rarely used his full strength – there was rarely a need, for he was so much stronger than any vampire any of us had ever encountered – but he used it now. He gripped my arm, rather than pushing me down. If he'd been pushing, the chair under me would have collapsed. EASY! He ordered. I tried to calm myself, but it was hard. The rage burned in my head. Jasper's not going to do anything until we all talk. I just thought you should know the direction he's headed. I concentrated on relaxing, and I felt Emmett's hand loosen. Try not to make more of a spectacle of yourself. You're in enough trouble as it is. I took a deep breath and Emmett released me. I searched around the room routinely, but our confrontation had been so short and silent that only a few people sitting behind Emmett had even noticed. None of them knew what to make of it, and they shrugged it off. The Cullens were freaks – everyone knew that already. Damn, kid, you're a mess, Emmett added, sympathy in his tone. â€Å"Bite me,† I muttered under my breath, and I heard his low chuckle. Emmett didn't hold grudges, and I probably ought to be more grateful for his easy going nature. But I could see that Jasper's intentions made sense to Emmett, that he was considering how it might be the best course of action. The rage simmered, barely under control. Yes, Emmett was stronger than I was, but he'd yet to beat me in a wrestling match. He claimed that this was because I cheated, but hearing thoughts was just as much a part of who I was as his immense strength was a part of him. We were evenly matched in a fight. A fight? Was that where this was headed? Was I going to fight with my family over a human I barely knew? I thought about that for a moment, thought about the fragile feel of the girl's body in my arms in juxtaposition with Jasper, Rose, and Emmett – supernaturally strong and fast, killing machines by nature†¦ Yes, I would fight for her. Against my family. I shuddered. But it wasn't fair to leave her undefended when I was the one who'd put her in danger. I couldn't win alone, though, not against the three of them, and I wondered who my allies would be. Carlisle, certainly. He would not fight anyone, but he would be wholly against Rose's and Jasper's designs. That might be all I needed. I would see†¦ Esme, doubtful. She would not side against me either, and she would hate to disagree with Carlisle, but she would be for any plan that kept her family intact. Her first priority would not be rightness, but me. If Carlisle was the soul of our family, then Esme was the heart. He gave us a leader who deserved following; she made that following into an act of love. We all loved each other – even under the fury I felt toward Jasper and Rose right now, even planning to fight them to save the girl, I knew that I loved them. Alice†¦I had no idea. It would probably depend on what she saw coming. She would side with the winner, I imagined. So, I would have to do this without help. I wasn't a match for them alone, but I wasn't going to let the girl be hurt because of me. That might mean evasive action†¦ My rage dulled a bit with the sudden, black humor. I could imagine how the girl would react to my kidnapping her. Of course, I rarely guessed her reactions right – but what other reaction could she have besides terror? I wasn't sure how to manage that, though – kidnapping her. I wouldn't be able to stand being close to her for very long. Perhaps I would just deliver her back to her mother. Even that much would be fraught with danger. For her. And also for me, I realized suddenly. If I were to kill her by accident†¦ I wasn't certain exactly how much pain that would cause me, but I knew it would be multifaceted and intense. The time passed quickly while I mulled over all the complications ahead of me: the argument waiting for me at home, the conflict with my family, the lengths I might be forced to go to afterward†¦ Well, I couldn't complain that life outside this school was monotonous any more. The girl had changed that much. Emmett and I walked silently to the car when the bell rang. He was worrying about me, and worrying about Rosalie. He knew whose side he would have to choose in a quarrel, and it bothered him. The others were waiting for us in the car, also silent. We were a very quiet group. Only I could hear the shouting. Idiot! Lunatic! Moron! Jackass! Selfish, irresponsible fool! Rosalie kept up a constant stream of insults at the top of her mental lungs. It made it hard to hear the others, but I ignored her as best I could. Emmett was right about Jasper. He was sure of his course. Alice was troubled, worrying about Jasper, flipping through images of the future. No matter which direction Jasper came at the girl, Alice always saw me there, blocking him. Interesting†¦neither Rosalie nor Emmett was with him in these visions. So Jasper planned to work alone. That would even things up. Jasper was the best, certainly the most experienced fighter among us. My one advantage lay in that I could hear his moves before he made them. I had never fought more than playfully with Emmett or Jasper – just horsing around. I felt sick at the thought of really trying to hurt Jasper†¦ No, not that. Just to block him. That was all. I concentrated on Alice, memorizing Jasper's different avenues of attack. As I did that, her visions shifted, moving further and further away from the Swan's house. I was cutting him off earlier†¦ Stop that, Edward! It can't happen this way. I won't let it. I didn't answer her, I just kept watching. She began searching farther ahead, into the misty, unsure realm of distant possibilities. Everything was shadowy and vague. The entire way home, the charged silence did not lift. I parked in the big garage off the house; Carlisle's Mercedes was there, next to Emmett's big jeep, Rose's M3 and my Vanquish. I was glad Carlisle was already home – this silence would end explosively, and I wanted him there when that happened. We went straight to the dining room. The room was, of course, never used for its intended purpose. But it was furnished with a long oval mahogany table surrounded by chairs – we were scrupulous about having all the correct props in place. Carlisle liked to use it as a conference room. In a group with such strong and disparate personalities, sometimes it was necessary to discuss things in a calm, seated manner. I had a feeling that the setting was not going to help much today. Carlisle sat in his usual seat at the eastern head of the room. Esme was beside him – they held hands on top of the table. Esme's eyes were on me, their golden depths full of concern. Stay. It was her only thought. I wished I could smile at the woman who was truly a mother to me, but I had no reassurances for her now. I sat on Carlisle's other side. Esme reached around him to put her free hand on my shoulder. She had no idea of what was about to start; she was just worrying about me. Carlisle had a better sense of what was coming. His lips were pressed tightly together and his forehead was creased. The expression looked too old for his young face. As everyone else sat, I could see the lines being drawn. Rosalie sat directly across from Carlisle, on the other end of the long table. She glared at me, never looking away. Emmett sat beside her, his face and thoughts both wry. Jasper hesitated, and then went to stand against the wall behind Rosalie. He was decided, regardless of the outcome of this discussion. My teeth locked together. Alice was the last to come in, and her eyes were focused on something far away – the future, still too indistinct for her to make use of it. Without seeming to think about it, she sat next to Esme. She rubbed her forehead as if she had a headache. Jasper twitched uneasily and considered joining her, but he kept his place. I took a deep breath. I had started this – I should speak first. â€Å"I'm sorry,† I said, looking first at Rose, then Jasper and then Emmett. â€Å"I didn't mean to put any of you at risk. It was thoughtless, and I take full responsibility for my hasty action.† Rosalie glared at me balefully. â€Å"What do you mean, take full responsibility'? Are you going to fix it?† â€Å"Not the way you mean,† I said, working to keep my voice even and quiet. â€Å"I'm willing to leave now, if that makes things better.† If I believe that the girl will be safe, if I believe that none of you will touch her, I amended in my head. â€Å"No,† Esme murmured. â€Å"No, Edward.† I patted her hand. â€Å"It's just a few years.† â€Å"Esme's right, though,† Emmett said. â€Å"You can't go anywhere now. That would be the opposite of helpful. We have to know what people are thinking, now more than ever.† â€Å"Alice will catch anything major,† I disagreed. Carlisle shook his head. â€Å"I think Emmett is right, Edward. The girl will be more likely to talk if you disappear. It's all of us leave, or none of us.† â€Å"She won't say anything,† I insisted quickly. Rose was building up to the explosion, and I wanted this fact out there first. â€Å"You don't know her mind,† Carlisle reminded me. â€Å"I know this much. Alice, back me up.† Alice stared up at me wearily. â€Å"I can't see what will happen if we just ignore this.† She glanced at Rose and Jasper. No, she couldn't see that future – not when Rosalie and Jasper were so decided against ignoring the incident. Rosalie's palm smacked down on the table with a loud bang. â€Å"We can't allow the human a chance to say anything. Carlisle, you must see that. Even if we decided to all disappear, it's not safe to leave stories behind us. We live so differently from the rest of our kind – you know there are those who would love an excuse to point fingers. We have to be more careful than anyone else!† â€Å"We've left rumors behind us before,† I reminded her. â€Å"Just rumors and suspicions, Edward. Not eyewitnesses and evidence!† â€Å"Evidence!† I scoffed. But Jasper was nodding, his eyes hard. â€Å"Rose – † Carlisle began. â€Å"Let me finish, Carlisle. It doesn't have to be any big production. The girl hit her head today. So maybe that injury turns out to be more serious that it looked.† Rosalie shrugged. â€Å"Every mortal goes to sleep with the chance of never waking up. The others would expect us to clean up after ourselves. Technically, that would make it Edward's job, but this is obviously beyond him. You know I'm capable of control. I would leave no evidence behind me.† â€Å"Yes, Rosalie, we all know how proficient an assassin you are,† I snarled. She hissed at me, furious. â€Å"Edward, please,† Carlisle said. Then he turned to Rosalie. â€Å"Rosalie, I looked the other way in Rochester because I felt that you were owed your justice. The men you killed had wronged you monstrously. This is not the same situation. The Swan girl is an innocent.† â€Å"It's not personal, Carlisle,† Rosalie said through her teeth. â€Å"It's to protect us all.† There was a brief moment of silence while Carlisle thought through his answer. When he nodded, Rosalie's eyes lit up. She should have known better. Even if I hadn't been able to read his thoughts, I could have anticipated his next words. Carlisle never compromised. â€Å"I know you mean well, Rosalie, but†¦I'd like very much for our family to be worth protecting. The occasional†¦accident or lapse in control is a regrettable part of who we are.† It was very like him to include himself in the plural, though he had never had such a lapse himself. â€Å"To murder a blameless child in cold blood is another thing entirely. I believe the risk she presents, whether she speaks her suspicions or not, is nothing to the greater risk. If we make exceptions to protect ourselves, we risk something much more important. We risk losing the essence of who we are.† I controlled my expression very carefully. It wouldn't do at all to grin. Or to applaud, as I wished I could. Rosalie scowled. â€Å"It's just being responsible.† â€Å"It's being callous,† Carlisle corrected gently. â€Å"Every life is precious.† Rosalie sighed heavily and her lower lip pouted out. Emmett patted her shoulder. â€Å"It'll be fine, Rose,† he encouraged in a low voice. â€Å"The question,† Carlisle continued, â€Å"is whether we should move on?† â€Å"No,† Rosalie moaned. â€Å"We just got settled. I don't want to start on my sophomore year in high school again!† â€Å"You could keep your present age, of course,† Carlisle said. â€Å"And have to move again that much sooner?† she countered. Carlisle shrugged. â€Å"I like it here! There's so little sun, we get to be almost normal.† â€Å"Well, we certainly don't have to decide now. We can wait and see if it becomes necessary. Edward seems certain of the Swan girl's silence.† Rosalie snorted. But I was no longer worried about Rose. I could see that she would go along with Carlisle's decision, not matter how infuriated she was with me. Their conversation had moved on to unimportant details. Jasper remained unmoved. I understood why. Before he and Alice had met, he'd lived in a combat zone, a relentless theater of war. He knew the consequences of flouting the rules – he'd seen the grisly aftermath with his own eyes. It said much that he had not tried to calm Rosalie down with his extra faculties, nor did he now try to rile her up. He was holding himself aloof from this discussion – above it. â€Å"Jasper,† I said. He met my gaze, his face expressionless. â€Å"She won't pay for my mistake. I won't allow that.† â€Å"She benefits from it, then? She should have died today, Edward. I would only set that right.† I repeated myself, emphasizing each word. â€Å"I will not allow it.† His eyebrows shot up. He wasn't expecting this – he hadn't imagined that I would act to stop him. He shook his head once. â€Å"I won't let Alice live in danger, even a slight danger. You don't feel about anyone the way I feel about her, Edward, and you haven't lived through what I've lived through, whether you've seen my memories or not. You don't understand.† â€Å"I'm not disputing that, Jasper. But I'm telling you now, I won't allow you to hurt Isabella Swan.† We stared at each other – not glaring, but measuring the opposition. I felt him sample the mood around me, testing my determination. â€Å"Jazz,† Alice said, interrupting us. He held my gaze for a moment more, and then looked at her. â€Å"Don't bother telling me you can protect yourself, Alice. I already know that. I've still got to – † â€Å"That's not what I'm going say,† Alice interrupted. â€Å"I was going to ask you for a favor.† I saw what was on her mind, and my mouth fell open with an audible gasp. I stared at her, shocked, only vaguely aware that everyone besides Alice and Jasper was now eyeing me warily. â€Å"I know you love me. Thanks. But I would really appreciate it if you didn't try to kill Bella. First of all, Edward's serious and I don't want you two fighting. Secondly, she's my friend. At least, she's going to be.† It was clear as glass in her head: Alice, smiling, with her icy white arm around the girl's warm, fragile shoulders. And Bella was smiling, too, her arm around Alice's waist. The vision was rock solid; only the timing of it was unsure. â€Å"But†¦Alice†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Jasper gasped. I couldn't manage to turn my head to see his expression. I couldn't tear myself away from the image in Alice's head in order to hear his. â€Å"I'm going to love her someday, Jazz. I'll be very put out with you if you don't let her be.† I was still locked into Alice's thoughts. I saw the future shimmer as Jasper's resolve floundered in the face of her unexpected request. â€Å"Ah,† she sighed – his indecision had cleared a new future. â€Å"See? Bella's not going to say anything. There's nothing to worry about.† The way she said the girl's name†¦like they were already close confidants†¦ â€Å"Alice,† I choked. â€Å"What†¦does this†¦?† â€Å"I told you there was a change coming. I don't know, Edward.† But she locked her jaw, and I could see that there was more. She was trying not to think about it; she was focusing very hard on Jasper suddenly, though he was too stunned to have progressed much in his decision making. She did this sometimes when she was trying to keep something from me. â€Å"What, Alice? What are you hiding?† I heard Emmett grumble. He always got frustrated when Alice and I had these kinds of conversations. She shook her head, trying to not let me in. â€Å"Is it about the girl?† I demanded. â€Å"Is it about Bella?† She had her teeth gritted in concentration, but when I spoke Bella's name, she slipped. Her slip only lasted the tiniest portion of a second, but that was long enough. â€Å"NO!† I shouted. I heard my chair hit the floor, and only then realized I was on my feet. â€Å"Edward!† Carlisle was on his feet, too, his arm on my shoulder. I was barely aware of him. â€Å"It's solidifying,† Alice whispered. â€Å"Every minute you're more decided. There're really only two ways left for her. It's one or the other, Edward.† I could see what she saw†¦but I could not accept it. â€Å"No,† I said again; there was no volume to my denial. My legs felt hollow, and I had to brace myself against the table. â€Å"Will somebody please let the rest of us in on the mystery?† Emmett complained. â€Å"I have to leave,† I whispered to Alice, ignoring him. â€Å"Edward, we've already been over that,† Emmett said loudly. â€Å"That's the best way to start the girl talking. Besides, if you take off, we won't know for sure if she's talking or not. You have to stay and deal with this.† â€Å"I don't see you going anywhere, Edward,† Alice told me. â€Å"I don't know if you can leave anymore.† Think about it, she added silently. Think about leaving. I saw what she meant. Yes, the idea of never seeing the girl again was†¦painful. But it was also necessary. I couldn't sanction either future I'd apparently condemned her to. I'm not entirely sure of Jasper, Edward, Alice went on. If you leave, if he thinks she's a danger to us†¦ â€Å"I don't hear that,† I contradicted her, still only halfway aware of our audience. Jasper was wavering. He would not do something that would hurt Alice. Not right this moment. Will you risk her life, leave her undefended? â€Å"Why are you doing this to me?† I groaned. My head fell into my hands. I was not Bella's protector. I could not be that. Wasn't Alice's divided future enough proof of that? I love her, too. Or I will. It's not the same, but I want her around for that. â€Å"Love her, too?† I whispered, incredulous. She sighed. You are so blind, Edward. Can't you see where you're headed? Can't you see where you already are? It's more inevitable than the sun rising in the east. See what I see†¦ I shook my head, horrified. â€Å"No.† I tried to shut out the visions she revealed to me. â€Å"I don't have to follow that course. I'll leave. I will change the future.† â€Å"You can try,† she said, her voice skeptical. â€Å"Oh, come on!† Emmett bellowed. â€Å"Pay attention,† Rose hissed at him. â€Å"Alice sees him falling for a human! How classically Edward!† She made a gagging sound. I scarcely heard her. â€Å"What?† Emmett said, startled. Then his booming laugh echoed through the room. â€Å"Is that what's been going on?† He laughed again. â€Å"Tough break, Edward.† I felt his hand on my shoulder, and I shook it off absently. I couldn't pay attention to him. â€Å"Fall for a human?† Esme repeated in a stunned voice. â€Å"For the girl he saved today? Fall in love with her?† â€Å"What do you see, Alice? Exactly,† Jasper demanded. She turned toward him; I continued to stare numbly at the side of her face. â€Å"It all depends on whether he is strong enough or not. Either he'll kill her himself† – she turned to meet my gaze again, glaring – â€Å"which would really irritate me, Edward, not to mention what it would do to you – † she faced Jasper again, â€Å"or she'll be one of us someday.† Someone gasped; I didn't look to see who. â€Å"That's not going to happen!† I was shouting again. â€Å"Either one!† Alice didn't seem to hear me. â€Å"It all depends,† she repeated. â€Å"He may be just strong enough not to kill her – but it will be close. It will take an amazing amount of control,† she mused. â€Å"More even than Carlisle has. He may be just strong enough†¦ The only thing he's not strong enough to do is stay away from her. That's a lost cause.† I couldn't find my voice. No one else seemed to be able to either. The room was still. I stared at Alice, and everyone else stared at me. I could see my own horrified expression from five different viewpoints. After a long moment, Carlisle sighed. â€Å"Well, this†¦complicates things.† â€Å"I'll say,† Emmett agreed. His voice was still close to laughter. Trust Emmett to find the joke in the destruction of my life. â€Å"I suppose the plans remain the same, though,† Carlisle said thoughtfully. â€Å"We'll stay, and watch. Obviously, no one will†¦hurt the girl.† I stiffened. â€Å"No,† Jasper said quietly. â€Å"I can agree to that. If Alice sees only two ways – â€Å" â€Å"No!† My voice was not a shout or a growl or a cry of despair, but some combination of the three. â€Å"No!† I had to leave, to be away from the noise of their thoughts – Rosalie's selfrighteous disgust, Emmett's humor, Carlisle's never ending patience†¦ Worse: Alice's confidence. Jasper's confidence in that confidence. Worst of all: Esme's†¦joy. I stalked out of the room. Esme touched my arm as I passed, but I didn't acknowledge the gesture. I was running before I was out of the house. I cleared the river in one bound, and raced into the forest. The rain was back again, falling so heavily that I was drenched in a few moments. I liked the thick sheet of water – it made a wall between me and the rest of the world. It closed me in, let me be alone. I ran due east, over and through the mountains without breaking my straight course, until I could see the lights of Seattle on the other side of the sound. I stopped before I touched the borders of human civilization. Shut in by the rain, all alone, I finally made myself look at what I had done – at the way I had mutilated the future. First, the vision of Alice and the girl with their arms around each other – the trust and friendship was so obvious it shouted from the image. Bella's wide chocolate eyes were not bewildered in this vision, but still full of secrets – in this moment, they seemed to be happy secrets. She did not flinch away from Alice's cold arm. What did it mean? How much did she know? In that still-life moment from the future, what did she think of me? Then the other image, so much the same, yet now colored by horror. Alice and Bella, their arms still wrapped around each other in trusting friendship. But now there was no difference between those arms – both were white, smooth as marble, hard as steel. Bella's wide eyes were no longer chocolate. The irises were a shocking, vivid crimson. The secrets in them were unfathomable – acceptance or desolation? It was impossible to tell. Her face was cold and immortal. I shuddered. I could not suppress the questions, similar, but different: What did it mean – how had this come about? And what did she think of me now? I could answer that last one. If I forced her into this empty half-life through my weakness and selfishness, surely she would hate me. But there was one more horrifying image – worse than any image I'd ever held inside my head. My own eyes, deep crimson with human blood, the eyes of the monster. Bella's broken body in my arms, ashy white, drained, lifeless. It was so concrete, so clear. I couldn't stand to see this. Could not bear it. I tried to banish it from my mind, tried to see something else, anything else. Tried to see again the expression on her living face that had obstructed my view for the last chapter of my existence. All to no avail. Alice's bleak vision filled my head, and I writhed internally with the agony it caused. Meanwhile, the monster in me was overflowing with glee, jubilant at the likelihood of his success. It sickened me. This could not be allowed. There had to be a way to circumvent the future. I would not let Alice's visions direct me. I could choose a different path. There was always a choice. There had to be.

A look at activities that are beneficial in coping with cerebral palsy

A look at activities that are beneficial in coping with cerebral palsy Abstract Many individuals are born or struggle with some birth abnormalities. In this paper, cerebral palsy will be discussed. Cerebral palsy is a condition that damages the brain, classifying CP as an intellectual disability. This paper will discuss how CP affects a persons cognition and in that, affecting the way they communicate. An activity on communication management will be described using Cole’s 7 steps to breakdown how teens with CP will benefit from the activity. Occupational therapist play key roles in these types of interventions because they help individuals express and communicate emotions effectively and properly. Also, Allen’s Cognitive Disabilities frame of reference will be discussed providing reasoning supporting the activity chosen. Introduction: Group of 6 patients will walk into the room and sit down on chairs arranged in a circle. I will briefly introduce myself and say my name and my current mood. Then I will have the patients introduce themselves by stating their name and saying how they are currently feeling using a facial expression or gesture. Afterwards, I will conduct a small icebreaker that will allow patients to feel more comfortable about formulating conversation with others. I will have patients turn to the group member sitting next to them and start building a Jenga puzzle. Each Jenga wood block will contain a question both group members will have to answer about themselves. Each member will answer 3 questions and build the blocks. I will be walking around listening in and assisting the group members in answering the questions properly. After the time is up, I will introduce the next part of the activity, which is the Bingo Communication Card titles â€Å"Clever Communication Bingo†. I will then tell the patients to remain seated next to that group member because that will be their partner for the activity. Then I will give one Bingo Communication card to each group member and have him or her turn their chairs to face each other. Activity: I will begin by explaining the activity to the groups. So I will say, â€Å"okay everyone all eyes on me, this activity is a just like a game of bingo, for those of you that might not know what bingo is, bingo is a game where a coordinator calls out numbers randomly and the players mark off 5 numbers in a straight, horizontal or diagonal line, whoever is the first to match up the 5 numbers in a line wins! Now this time it’s a bit different, it’s the same idea but now under each number there will be a different form of communication, so some forms of communication you’ll find on the bingo card will be â€Å"tell your partner you appreciate them using 3 words† or â€Å" create a 5step hand shake† or â€Å" introduce yourself to peers using 2 sentences†. After I finish explaining how the game works, I will tell the patients that this isn’t a competition, everyone will be matching 5 numbers in a line, and that at the end each gr oup will receive a bingo completion award for effective communication skills. After that, I will begin to call out numbers and the patients will listen and check off with a marker the number called. Every time they check off a number they will have to communicate or express what is under the number checked off. I will give the patients time to perform what is under is each number and assist them if they get stuck in a thought or don’t know how to communicate something. After three numbers called I will congratulate each group for effectively communicating with each other despite constant assistance and let them know the activity is about to be over. Once every team completes a set of 5, they will receive the completion award. Sharing: After completing this activity the group members will sit back in a circle and share some thoughts about the activity. I will ask them to hold up their bingo card and point out which communication form was most difficult. Processing: I will ask the group 3 questions about the activity. I will ask each member how he or she felt about this activity and to give me an overall feeling about it so I’d ask, â€Å" how did you feel about this communication activity?† â€Å"Do you think this was a good way of trying out different ways of communication?† â€Å"Do you think this can help you in the outside world?†. After getting their feedback I will be able to see if the patients improved their communication management skills from the time they started the session till when they finished. Generalizing: After getting an overall feel of how the group felt, I will analyze the responses and seeing what drove the energy of the group. What were the difference and similarities in answers within group members. Open-ended questions will be most appropriate in this stage. Application: In this step I will give some short examples of everyday life scenarios in which these different communication skills will be applied. I will tell the patients how some of the communication techniques will be appropriate to use with different people like family members, friends and teachers. Summary: I will end the session by stating the most important aspects of this activity. I will refocus the patients and make sure they understood and learned some techniques for communication management with others. I will also encourage patients to try and implement the skills learned today in their everyday lives. I will make sure that they leave the session knowing that the skills learned and practiced today will be useful to them for the rest of their lives. Time and Place: Patients will be meeting in a spacious room at Keiser University with several windows that have a sky view. The room will be around 74 degrees making it nice and cool for proper concentration. I will assure that lights aren’t too dimmed nor too bright. All the materials will already be set up for patients ready for when they arrive. There will be tables’ spread out to assure enough space for activity and chairs made into a circle. And lastly, room won’t be overly decorated, this will help patents stay focused on task and not wonder around with their eyes.

Proposel Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Proposel - Research Proposal Example Similar powers that attract people to gather in the bigger city expanses also lead to sometimes-unbearable heights of traffic congestion on city streets and main roads. Operational city governance needs vigilant harmonizing between the profits of populace increase and disadvantages of extreme overcrowding. In general, highway traffic jamming points a challenge for all big and emerging city regions. There is apparent proof in developed nations of an increasing movement for children to be driven to and from school in private motor vehicles, at the cost of other means, including biking, walking as well as communal transport. From studies, congestion takes on a significant number of faces, and it happens in various different settings caused by varied processes. Nevertheless, there are various issues that congestion administration policies should put into consideration in case they intend to achieve the goals and objectives they put in place. The main purpose or objective of this research proposal is to discuss in details the issue concerning how to improve the quality of city roads. In addition, the research has the objective of providing a proposal on how to deal with traffic accidents and traffic congestions as well. Scope of the Study The research proposal aims at exploring ways of improving city roads quality to cab accidents and in the same way ease congestion. Literature Review According to research, city traffic accidents and traffic congestion has to be comprehended in the bigger setting of city changing aspects and accumulation advantages (Mayhew and Simpson, 2002). Traffic congestion in city areas is frequently the result of successful city economic establishment, employment, housing, as well as guidelines that make individuals desire to live and work relatively close to each other and fascinate organizations to profit from profits in productivity thus derived. Although city people may not be thrilled by the prospect, they are prepared to cope up with the problem of congested roads so long as they benefit in other ways by living and working in their cities. Research further shows that congestion inhibits people from moving without restrictions, and it decelerates and otherwise interrupts the manner of business within city areas. Nevertheless, it is essential to note that unconstrained shift is not the basic profit people derive from living in cities. This is because towns offer access to a broader variety of activities, services, products, notions as well as systems. Research reveals further that road accidents and traffic congestion cause a problem on society, and it is thus vital for transport policy makers to reduce their consequences. An ideal I cadence would be that traffic congestion and accidents are condensed instantaneously. Nevertheless, this may not be easy because it has been ventured that amplified traffic congestion may be profitable in terms of road welfare (Murray, 2003). This is based on the ground that there would be scarcer terminal accidents and accidents that happened would lean towards being less austere. This is because of the small, average speediness resulting from traffic congestion. Researchers thus declares the significance of having a full comprehension concerning the association amid traffic congestion and road accidents while controlling other attributes influencing road traffic accidents. Conversely, the affiliation between traffic congestion

Pizza Hut and GE Culture Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Pizza Hut and GE Culture Management - Essay Example GE’s culture was based on individuals and intrinsic motivation which helps its employees seek benefits for the company while they seek benefits for themselves. As outlined by Jack Welch in his management related book Winning (2005), GE rewards those employees who are instrumental in helping GE grow and achieve the corporate vision and punishes those who are not performing to the highest level. In fact, layoffs and quarterly removal of lowest performing employees is an essential part of the management style employed at GE. The method used by GE to control the culture of their operations in Hungary was dependent upon the Hungarian acceptance of their 95 page manual on corporate culture titled Integrity: The Sprit and Letter of Our Commitment. The initial results were disastrous to say the least since bad press, negative sentiments and resentment amongst the employees was created once GE’s creed was being established in the company. However, with time, the situation subsided and the majority of employees accepted the way GE worked. The most important advantage of changing GEL’s European operations from the domestic to regional and global levels was the change in culture which came about when the employees realized they were competing in such markets. The location and availability of labor can also be expected to have played a role here since the Hungarian labor market is closer to the western countries it is supposed to cater for rather than the Russian bloc or the Asian markets where GE’s products might be seen as too expensive. While the expansion of GEL’s operation to global level worked in this particular case, there is not enough information to say whether the same process would be successful if it is applied to other GE operations around the world There are several factors which must be considered before local operations can be asked to provide

Technology in the classroom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Technology in the classroom - Essay Example The addition of these technological advancements within the classroom has several benefits and disadvantages associated with it for both teachers and students. Adoption of technology in classroom can help in satisfying different learning needs of different students within the classroom. A classroom comprises of various students who belong to different backgrounds and who prefer to learn in a different manner. According to the left side brain versus right side brain researchers, students who experience domination of the left side brain learn with the aid of artistic materials such as videos (Templeton, 2012). Furthermore, the students who experience right side brain dominance prefer learning through notes and lectures. Technological advancements such as multimedia devices help both kinds of students in learning at the same time. These devices have the ability to exhibit videos that support the students who learn through creative material and these devices can be used to exhibit text in form of PowerPoint slides and this supports the learning of students who prefer learning through texts and lectures. Adoption of technology within classrooms increases the access to information which helps both the student and the teacher population. A survey was conducted by Purcell et al. during the period of 2013 and in this survey the researchers figured out that 92% of teachers use technology such as internet in their classroom to access content over the internet and this content helps them in delivering more information to the students (Purcell et al., 2013). This study clearly explains that internet use can increase the access of information in classroom and students and teachers go beyond basic textbooks to facilitate learning. Inclusion of technology has replaced the use of paper in classroom and this is helping in solving a major issue of excessive cutting down of trees. Lindquist conducted a

Customer Relationship and Sales Management Essay

Customer Relationship and Sales Management - Essay Example In line with this, the proponent tries to find out more about customer relationship in order to confirm or contradict the idea that ‘Relationship Marketing may still be regarded as an ‘umbrella philosophy’ with numerous relational variations rather than as a wholly unified concept with strongly developed objectives and strategies’ (Egan, 2004). The arguments are illustrated using examples from organisations and appropriate theory in line with relationship marketing and customer relationship. Relationship marketing and marketing activities As mentioned earlier, relationship marketing is a theory generally applied to majority of marketing activities. Relationship marketing is an integral part of every marketing activity because at present, classical marketing is slowly eliminated due to the fact that marketers are more concern on finding loyal customers than looking for new ones (Boone and Kurtz, 2006). This is due to some reasons that it is expensive to find for new customers than maintaining existing ones. In this reason, some organisations aggressively promote their product or service offerings in the hope that they will be able to acquire new potential customers. This in return incurs specific cost that eventually may be added up to the final price of product or service offerings. On the other hand, companies that are confident to cater loyal customers do not need to promote further their service or product offerings. As a result, customers are benefited because no further cost may be incurred for promotion that usually they have to pay as to be integrated in the final price of the offerings. Different types of relationship marketing There are three different and important marketing strategies used by marketers. These include creating customer satisfaction, building brand equity, and creating and maintaining relationships (Sorce, 2002). As can be observed, these three are interrelated. As a result, there is a great chance for a satis fied customer to become loyal to a certain brand he has tried so far. That customer can eventually attest to the performance of the brand which leads further to creating a significant relationship once there is an effort to create or maintain it on the part of marketers. There two major types of marketing: traditional marketing and relationship marketing which includes database marketing, interaction marketing, and network marketing (Brodie et al, 1997).These types of relationship marketing according to Egan (2001) are equivalent to direct marketing, consumer-relationship marketing and business-to-business relationship marketing. According to Brodie and his colleagues, these marketing types often do co-exist due to the fact that there are existing different situations between buyer and seller. However, in today’s modern approach in marketing, there is an added relationship marketing type which is also known as E-marketing which involves the use of internet and interactive tec hnologies to link the firms and their customers (Palmer and Pels, 2005). The database marketing or known as direct marketing is a relationship marketing which is about analysing data obtained from customers and implementing the corresponding results (Blattberg et al., 2008). Blattberg and his colleagues elaborated that database marketing is about the use of customer databases in order to come up with effective acquisition, retention and development of customers which are the main

Amazon Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Amazon - Case Study Example Some aspects of Amazon’s operations are characteristic of a manufacturing organization while some are characteristic of those of a service organization. The manufacturing aspects are manifest in the company’s library of software. Although Amazon provides this software for free to merchants and independent programmers, it charges a fee when these users use the software to sell their products and services through Amazon. Amazon’s operations that are characteristic of a service organization include the online platform it provides to its customers, which enables them to purchase goods through a simple mouse click. The marketing of Kindle and Kindle-related products also has aspects of both manufacturing and service provision. Kindle is a software-hardware platform that enables users to access electronic print material. The manufacturing component is manifest in the Kindle electronic device which Amazon manufactures and sells to customers. The service component is manifest in the access to electronic print material that Kindle provides to users at a fee. Therefore, when marketing Kindle, Amazon has to market both the unique features the device provides and the unique services that customers can obtain through it (Griffin, 627). Q2 Amazon’s operations almost entirely depend on technology in one way or another. In most cases, the technology involved is computer technology. Firstly, Amazon’s service operations are anchored on the internet. Amazon’s business platform is located on the internet and, therefore, the company has to invest in computers and accessories that facilitat e internet access and software development. Similarly, Amazon’s customers have to get on the internet in order to access the company’s platform. To do this, they require the use of computers, iphones, tablets, cell phones or any other device that provides internet access. Furthermore, operations that facilitate service provision at Amazon’s facilities are highly automated. Workers use computer programs to monitor and manage customers’ orders. Finally, a system of automated bins and chutes is responsible for sorting goods and moving them to and fro the shelves (Griffin, 626). Amazon’s manufacturing operations are also highly dependent on computer technology. The manufacturing operations include the development of software programs for Amazon’s library of software service and the production of the company’s Kindle device which is a software-hardware platform that provides instant access to electronic books, newspapers, magazines, journa ls and other electronic print material. The development of software is a manufacturing activity that involves the development of software programs from scratch using computers as well as software developing tools and programs. This software is availed to merchants and independent programmers who may use it to sell their products through Amazon at a fee. In addition, Amazon develops Kindle’s software using computers and software developing tools. Finally, Amazon manufactures the Kindle electronic device whose hardware component is based on computer technology (Griffin, 626). Since Amazon does not have facilities or resources for manufacturing electronic devices, it usually contracts other companies with that ability to manufacture the device on its behalf. Q3 Amazon has

American Indian culture studies research paper Essay

American Indian culture studies research paper - Essay Example The Native Americans way of life and culture is very much adored by most people around the world. Everyone is eager to understand the culture and the nature of people who initially occupied the most powerful country in the world. The Indians greatly influenced the shape and environment of the current America in several ways because they lived and carried out their human activities on the land particularly their habit of shifting seasonal subsistence that was conforming to the changing seasons. Everyone particularly is concerned about the decline of the culture of the American natives. These people clearly shows the evidence of North American life such as the discovery of a hunting lookout in Northern Alaska and the various finely crafted spear points found near Clovis, New Mexico. All these discoveries show the culture and the lifestyle of the first Americans who also believed to be more hospitable and had strong belief in sharing (Teicher 2006, 14). It is unfortunate that some of these traits have been overridden by the contemporary culture. The decline of the Native Americans culture has largely been contributed by assimilation, exploitation and the change of purpose as well as the rich number of alternatives that are assumed to be modern by the contemporary society. Luckily, there are various institutions that have strongly come out to protect and enhance the Native cultures such as the introduction of culturally based education that involve introduction and re-establishment of native language as well as culture. Introduction of cultural based education has been very vital in pres4rvation of the native culture and most tribes with almost over 500 distinct cultures have strived to survive by trying to regain practices that defined them as people. Preservation of the native culture Preservation of the native culture has involved tireless practices such as creation of dictionaries for many tribes, connecting present and the past as well as introduction of tribal colleges and public schools that restore the rich knowledge of different native cultures. Outstanding teaching force has been introduced to the Native Americans and the students have been culturally empowered by making their schools more culturally relevant for them. However, it is still very clear that the Indian continuity and survival is not part of the cultural preservation and continuation (Shaull & Gramann 1998, 49-55). Modern society has greatly influenced the current youth thus leaving them in dilemma. The current young people are not sure of what is best for them because they cannot choose between their native cultures and the current cultures. For instance, in the modern society, a young man may put emphasis on exercising of individual freedom and rights even if it is against the people’s will unlike in the native culture where an individual would look to the extended family and elders for guidance and direction. The group decisions are more important and an individual is required to avoid conflict and be very loyal to the group unlike in the contemporary society where an individual’s independence is more important than the group (Shaull &

Attributes of entrepreneur Essay Example for Free

Attributes of entrepreneur Essay Confidence positive thlnklng is a major step In the direction of success 5. Positive thinker entrepreneur are positive thinkers. Wealth does not always come to the most intelligent or the most ambitious individuals. Patience -when one owns who his business, there will be times when feels like the roof of craving-in. 7. Decisiveness one should go with his intuition and trust that he is doing the right thing 8. Experience component for growth as a key 9. Information seeking entrepreneur should seek information with client and competitors, seek advice. 10. Perseverance must be willing to persevere during rough times 11. Drive needs to be totally committed 12. Risk taking prefer tasks, which provide them some challenges 13. Innovation creative, they do things in new and different ways 14. Opportunity-seeking readily identifies opportunities for going into or to improve his business 15. Demand for efficiency and quality entrepreneur always strives to find ways to do things better, faster and at a lower cost 16. Systematic planning and monitoring introduces some system in achlevlng his goals by breaking this goal Into short term and long term goals 11. Persuasion and networking easy establishes a network or personal and business contacts around them

Environmental Impact Of Plastic Bags

Environmental Impact Of Plastic Bags Plastic bags are a true menace to our ecosystems and our waste diversion goals. Barely recyclable, almost all of the 400 plastic bags used per second in the state are discarded. Once discarded, they either enter our landfills or our marine ecosystem. People think of plastic bags as being free. Instead, they actually cost taxpayers millions every year. In San Francisco alone, City officials estimate that they spend $8.5 million annually to deal with plastic bag litter. That equates to around 17 cents for every bag distributed in the city. Additionally: It costs the state $25 million annually to manage plastic bag pollution. Public agencies in California spend in excess of $303 million annually in litter abatement. Southern California cities have spent in excess of $1.7 billion in meeting Total Maximum Daily Loads for trashed in impaired waterways. Cities and recyclers spend incalculable amounts removing plastic bags from their recyclables stream, where they jam machinery and add to the manual labor costs of recycling. At least 267 species have been scientifically documented to be adversely affected by plastic marine debris and it is estimated to kill over 100,000 marine mammals and turtles each year. Plastic bags are considered especially dangerous to sea turtles, who may mistake them for jellyfish, a main food source. 86% of all known species of sea turtles have had reported problems of entanglement or ingestion of marine debris. Plastic bags that enter our marine environment eventually break down into small fragments. Plastic bags, which are made from natural gas or oil, consume an energy equivalent of thousands of barrels of oil a day just to meet Californias consumption. Numerous recent international, national, state and local reports have called for the banning or drastic reduction of plastic bags due to their environmental damage. Achim Steiner, head of the UN Environmental Program, recently said there is simply zero justification for manufacturing [plastic bags] any more, anywhere. Home / Plastic Bags / Why Plastic Bags are a Problem Why Plastic Bags are a Problem Plastic bags are popular with consumers and retailers as they are a functional, lightweight, strong, cheap, and hygienic way to transport food and other products. Approximately 6.9 billion plastic bags are consumed annually in Australia: 6 billion of these are high density polyethylene (HDPE), such as supermarket singlet bags or supermarket checkout bags. 0.9 billion are low density polyethylene (LDPE), such as boutique bags. 67% of HDPE 25% of LDPE bags are imported with the remainder locally produced. There are two major environmental problems associated with our use of plastic bags. Firstly, plastic bags are one of the most damaging forms of litter. At least 80 million plastic bags end up as litter on our beaches, streets and parks each year While they are estimated to only be 2% of the litter stream, they have a significant environmental impact because they can take up to 1,000 years to break down. Their persistence in the environment means that they can entangle and harm marine life and other animals. In fact, the World Wide Fund for Nature estimates that more than 100,000 whales, seals, turtles, and birds die every year as a result of plastic bags. For example, on 24 August 2000, a Brydes whale died in Trinity Bay, 2 km from central Cairns. An autopsy found that the whales stomach was tightly packed with plastic, including supermarket bags, food packages, bait bags, three large sheets of plastic, and fragments of garbage bags. There was no food in its stomach. When the dead animal decays, the plastic bags are freed to be re-ingested by other animals in years to come. On land, plastic bag litter can block drains and trap birds. They also kill livestock. One farmer near Mudgee NSW, carried out an autopsy on a dead calf and found 8 plastic bags in its stomach. The loss of this calf cost the farmer around $500. Cleaning up this litter is expensive. Australian local and state governments spend over $200 million a year picking up litter (all forms). Source: Federal Department of Environment HYPERLINK http://www.deh.gov.au/industry/waste/plastic-bags/HYPERLINK http://www.deh.gov.au/industry/waste/plastic-bags/Heritage website Secondly, the plastic shopping bag, a single use item, is a symbol of a wasteful society: 20 million Australians used 6.7 billion plastic checkout bags this year (down from 6.9 billion the previous year). Thats nearly 1 plastic bag per person per day or 345 bags per person per year. A persons use of a plastic checkout bag can be counted in minutes however long it takes to get from the shops to their homes. The amount of petroleum used to make one plastic bag would drive a car about 115 metres. The 6.9 billion plastic checkout bags we use every year is enough to drive a car 800 million kilometres or nearly 20,000 times around the world i.e. 4 round trips to the Sun. Less than 3% of Australias plastic bags are currently being recycled, despite recycling facilities being available at major supermarkets. Only an estimated 19% of the 3.7 billion plastic supermarket shopping bags handed out in Australia every year, are being reused by households as kitchen bin liners. In many council areas, plastic bags are the single main contaminant of kerbside recycling. Plastic bags are not free to consumers they are actually adding an estimated $173 million a year to Australias grocery bills. Source: Planet Ark While these facts paint a grim picture, an October 2003 Roy Morgan study showed that 87% of Australians were concerned about the impact plastic bags have on the environment. In addition, action is being taken to reduce the impact of plastic bags, for example: Coles Bay in Tasmania have successfully banned plastic checkout bags in all their retail stores. Under an agreement between the Federal Government and the Australian Retailers Association (ARA), retailers have until December 2004 to reduce their consumption of lightweight single use plastic checkout bags by 25%. This rises to 50% by December 2005. More and more people around the world are becoming aware of the environmental issues surrounding plastic bags. Considering their somewhat placid appearance, the impact of plastic bags on the environment can be devastating. Here are some facts about the environmental impact of plastic bags: Plastic bags cause over 100,000 sea turtle and other marine animal deaths every year when animals mistaken them for food The manufacture of plastic bags add tonnes of carbon emissions into the air annually In the UK, banning plastic bags would be the equivalent of taking 18,000 cars off the roads each year Between 500 billion and 1 trillion plastic bags are used worldwide each year Approximately 60 100 million barrels of oil are required to make the worlds plastic bags each year Most plastic bags take over 400 years to biodegrade. Some figures indicate that plastic bags could take over 1000 years to break down. (I guess nobody will live long enough to find out!). This means not one plastic bag has ever naturally biodegraded. China uses around 3 billion plastic bags each day! In the UK, each person uses around 220 plastic bags each year Around 500,000 plastic bags are collected during Clean Up Australia Day each year. Clean Up Australia Day is a nationwide initiative to get as many members of the public to get out and pick up litter from their local areas. Unfortunately, each year in Australia approximately 50 million plastic bags end up as litter. Fortunately, some governments around the world are taking the initiative to deal with the environmental impact of plastic bags by either banning plastic bags or discouraging their usage. Under current city law, large supermarkets and chain drugstores, such as Safeway and Walgreens, only may provide three kinds of bags to customers at the checkout stand: recyclable paper bags, compostable plastic bags and reusable bags. All single-use disposable bags are banned under the old law. In the new law, Mirkarimi crafted a few exemptions, which include using plastic bags for produce or for garments. He is contemplating a companion piece to his legislation that would impose a 10-cent charge for paper bags. Currently, retailers dont charge for paper bags in San Francisco, though some, such as Whole Foods and Rainbow Grocery, give customers credit for using their own bags. Mirkarimi estimates that broadening the law would remove tens of millions more bags from the environment. Plastic bags are a clear example of excess run amok, he said. People dont necessarily realize the composition of the plastic bag or the consequences of the plastic bag. Theyre omnipresent. Shari Jackson, director of the Progressive Bag Affiliates of the American Plastics Council, said Mirkarimis proposed legislation would have unintended consequences, chiefly increasing the use of paper bags, which have their own environmental problems, and taking away jobs of people who manufacture the plastic bags

Affirmative Action :: essays research papers

Affirmative action is a growing argument among our society. It is multifaceted and very often defined vaguely. Some can define affirmative action as the ability to strive for equality and inclusiveness. Others might see it as a quota-based system for different minority groups. Is affirmative action fair? Are minority groups on equal footing? Is gaining employment for minorities difficult? Is education easily obtained for the minority groups of people? Affirmative action endeavors to answer all these questions, while allowing society to believe harmony exists. Affirmative action has definitely helped women and minorities in their careers, but it has yet to succeed in the goal of equality in the business world for women and minorities. As more and more women are faced with discrimination in large firms, more have decided to strike out on their own. Today employers both private and public require individuals to take a test before entering their place of employment. For example, if one were to apply for a job in a supermarket a test for your basic educational skill is required. To become a fireman, policeman, teacher, or Kentucky Fried Chicken employee you are required to take a test before being hired. To further your education you need to take a test to enter a University. Jobs for today are in the technological, computer, and Internet areas. The need to be educated is a part of life. In our society there are difficulties with basic education. Affirmative action gives minorities the right to equal education. Is affirmative action fair? Affirmative action has become a tool for minorities to use for equality in the business world. Women, African Americans, Hispanics and the like now have a level tool that would support their rights as individuals in the business world. Yes, affirmative action demonstrates fairness. Are minority groups on equal footing? Today, affirmative action is recognized however, the 'glass ceiling' is still there. The glass ceiling refers to "you can see it, but you can't get it". Minorities can reach for the ceiling but still have difficulty actually trying to touch it. Unfortunately affirmative action cannot tell society to behave in a way that would place every individual, every minority group on equal footing. Affirmative action is a great tool for minorities. It encourages equality in humanity. I agree and support affirmative action in that individual's should be treated equally. Affirmative action is still needed. Although women and people of color have come a long way in the decades since the Civil Rights Act was passed, discrimination still exists.

Butler, Tennessee :: Observation Essays, Descriptive Essays

The town of Butler is not a very well known place, but I would not trade anything in the world for it. In this quaint little town one will find a wide variety of year round activities and traditional festivals. I have traveled to many places in our nation and to other nations, but I have yet to find a place that is as dear to me as my hometown. Most of the inhabitants of Butler will tell you the same thing, whether they have traveled or not. Butler has such a picturesque landscape that it is often the subject of many photographers. The history of this town is also one of the qualities that make it such a wonderful and unique place. The friendly people, various activities, such as water sports hiking, and the wonderful landscape in the town of Butler, TN, make it one of the premier vacation spots and home sites in the nation. Butler is located on the very northeastern tip of Tennessee. Approximately 40 miles from the ETSU campus on Highway 67, one will first cross the Butler Bridge overlooking Watauga Lake. Then about a mile later the road begins to descend into the little town of Butler. Most of my family has lived in Butler all of their lives, so they know first hand the history of Butler. This town’s history is very unususal; Watauga Lake now covers the previous location of Butler. The TVA project moved this town from what used to be a flood-prone area to a higher elevation. Butler has its own museum devoted to this move. It contains old artifacts, pictures old Butler before and after the lake was drained, and many handmade quilts dating back to the 19th Century. The Butler Museum is located at Babe Curtis Park at the end of McQueen Street in Butler. Entire books have been written on the subject of old Butler such as Lost Heritage by Russ Calhoun Sr. Beautiful mountains with small creeks, a pristine lake, and rolling grassy valleys make the landscape of this beautiful place. Regardless of the time of year one will always find breathtaking landscape in the town of Butler, except for the mid winter when all of the leaves are off the trees and they look like skeletons, which can be very depressing. The natives of Butler are people who love their land and tend to stick with traditions.

Essay --

The recognition of same-sex marriage is a political, social, and religious issue. Because of this same-sex marriage is a very controversial topic. Legal acknowledgement of same sex marriage is commonly referred to as marriage equality. Many advocates of marriage equality argue that laws restricting marriage to only heterosexuals discriminate against homosexuals. On the other hand advocates against same-sex marriage argue that it would undo long-standing traditions and change the meaning of marriage in a damaging manor. In this essay I will be arguing for same-sex marriage. The arguments mentioned as well as others will be discusses throughout this paper. Firstly I will discuss the reasons for marriage equality. I argue marriage equality is in the best interest for family life. Allowing homosexuals to form stable committed relationships through marriage would allow for healthier homosexual relationships. You can’t prevent people from being homosexual however giving those people the right to marry can help them experience greater personal happiness. Studies have suggested that not only does legalizing marriage in an area generally make homosexual individuals in that area happier; it also makes them physically and mentally healthier and saves them money on health care (Hatzenbuehler, O’Cleirigh, Grasso, Mayer, Safren, & Bradford, 20012). I don’t see any compelling reason to take away the joy homosexuals get from marriage, this is one of the many reasons I support marriage equality. Marriage naturally creates families; it provides the conditions for a healthy environment that is beneficial to the upbringing of children. Opponents of same-sex marriage often ground their arguments on parental and religious concerns. Many argue that sa... ...me-sex marriage. However marriage is not solely defined as a relationship between a man and a woman. The definition of marriage has varied throughout history. Depending heavily on religious and political views of an individual society. Quote and quote changing the meaning of marriage would not damage the meaning a marriage. It would still be the same binding contract that it is today. In conclusion I argue that banning same-sex marriage is discriminatory. It is discriminatory because it denies homosexuals the many benefits received by heterosexual couples. The right to marriage in the United States has little to do with the religious and spiritual meaning of marriage. It has a lot to do with social justice, extending a civil right to a minority group. This is why I argue for same-sex marriage. The freedom to marry regardless of gender preference should be allowed.

Business Messages Essay

In a traditional workplace, memos are the usual form of business messages that are sent from officers to employees. With the advent of technology, the issuance of memorandums is often limited to topics of general interest, like organizational meetings or policy changes. If I were a lead engineer in Cards4U, I’d maximize the use of faster and more efficient tools to aid me in communicating with other members of the team, as well as company executives and potential customers.   That means e-mails will be the primary source of communication among the team members, since sending and receiving messages take only a few seconds to a few minutes.   E-mail communications are convenient, does not need to be too formal, and can be accessed anytime, anywhere.   The memos will be utilized to inform the CEO or customers regarding product presentations and updates. Since I’m a lead engineer in a creative design group, presentations using PowerPoint or Flash would be very useful in showcasing latest designs and innovations.   Reports are also necessary to document the progress, activities, and changes in the production department.   Face to face meetings with customers are important to establish rapport and get them to buy your designs, or get their feedback. If face-to-face meeting is not possible, conference calls can also be used.   Meeting the CEO for updates and developments would also require face-to-face encounters.   However, if the chief executive initiated conversation using e-mails, then, I should take his lead and reply using the same medium.   But if the message were sent through the more formal memorandum, then the reply would also be of that kind. More importantly, in any type of business communication that I would send, the messages should be concise, direct to the point, and professional. References Business/Professional Writing.(1995-2004). OWL at Purdue University.   Retrieved December 4, 2007, from:   http://owl.english.purdue.edu/workshops/pp/index.html#business Ramsey, L. (2005). Business E-mail Messages & Professionalism.   Retrieved December 4, 2007, from, http://website101.com/email_e-mail/e-mail_business-etiquette.html Kotelnikov, V. Effective Business Communication. Retrieved December 4, 2007, from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.1000ventures.com/business_guide/crosscuttings/biz_communication_main.html

Ecology and Environment Essay

1. Describe your local and surrounding ecologies and environments. Before we can describe the local and surrounding ecologies and environments, we have to know the meaning of ecology and environment. The relation among organisms and the environment that they are in is called ecology. During an organism’s lifetime, anything that affects it in any way is called an environment. Local and surrounding ecologies and environments in the local area that I reside in are trees, shrubs and vines, wildflowers and weeds, fungi (honey mushroom), lichen, fish, reptiles, amphibious animals, birds, mammals, insects, snails, and different worms. These ecologies require different habitats in the environment to survive and make their being. There are a few different habitats that exist in Northern Virginia, forest, meadows, thicket, marsh, ponds, forest streams, rivers, flower garden, and regular neighborhood streets. Habitats are very important components of an organism’s life. Organisms need the different shelters to live in. The forest can be a very big area that certain organism can live in. Some organism uses the shelter to hide in or move along so other organism want see them to eat them. The ponds and streams are important for any organism and any life form. Organism needs water to survive, without getting enough water to drink an organism will die. (Northern Virginia Ecology) The environment that we live in plays an important part in the lives of an organism. The habitat (the environment) consists of shelter, water, food, and space that an organism needs to survive. 2. List the specific factors that distinguish your local ecology and environment. The specific factors that distinguish your local ecology and environment is determined by the area that and individual, and an organism live in. Latitude, the geographic coordinate, and your elevation above sea level are important factors that distinguish your local ecology and environment. Certain organism may and may not be able to live in certain areas above or below certain sea levels, latitudes, and longitudes. Other distinguishing factors of local ecology and environment in Northern Virginia are the types of forest, river, streams, and ponds. Types of forest in Northern Virginia are the Bottomland Hardwoods, Loblolly Pine, and White Pine. 3. Discuss how human activities have affected your local ecosystems. First of all humans require so much to survive. To survive we do what ever it takes to get what we need. We are what you call greedy in some ways. We all live in different areas of the world, and our need for resources grows rapidly because there are a number of us throughout. When it comes to the ecosystem, it becomes imbalanced because of our activities, making it harder for different organism to survive. In my local area a lot of construction is being done to build new homes and buildings. A lot of trees are being cut down to make way for homes, buildings, town homes, parking lots, and other construction. Because of the construction that is being done, the soil that is being moved end up killing the organism that live in the soil and the plants that are rooted there also. A lot of the construction is being done to build roads and buildings. The land itself is being changed to a more flat land, which disrupts the way the water flows through the land when rain falls. The activities that human are conducting are consequences known as abiotic and biotic. According to Tillery, Enger, & Ross (2008), biotic factors are other living things that affect an organism, and abiotic factors are nonliving influences that affect an organism. Other human activities that affect the local ecosystem are the pollutants that we cause. Polluted run-off is from sewage treatments that are discharged into the lakes. Washing cars, watering the lawn or crops all affect the local ecosystem. All these different pollutants can cause different kind of reactions to organism. If organism consume the pollutants it may cause death and to human possible serious health problems. Some of these pollutants can start the growth of E. coli on the beachfronts that disrupt the ecosystems. 4. Describe the ways that global warming might affect your local ecosystems. The definition of global warming according to dictionary.com is an increase in the earth’s average atmospheric temperature that causes corresponding changes in climate and that may result from the greenhouse effect. Because of global warming and the increase in temperatures, some organism may not be able to survive in the local area. These organisms have to possible migrated to other cooler areas to survive. The local ecosystems change because the food supply need by some organism will decrease because of the changing environment. In the local ecosystem you will find that certain butterflies that use to reside here are moving or migrating to northern latitudes along with frogs and some birds. Over the next 20 to 30 years we will see a decrease in the mammals and bird species. I believe that global warming will have a huge affect on our local ecosystem. You have plants and animals that are use to a certain environment and when that environment change because of temperature increased, they have to adjust to the change. If they are unable to adjust to the changing seasons the plants and animals will become extinct. 5. Relative to other parts of the world, would your local ecosystems be affected more or less? Relative to the rest of the world I believe that my local ecosystem will be affected more. I agree this will happen because of a few different things. Number one, global warming, global warming will cause climate changes. In certain areas of my local area that require certain rainwater, this may decrease. If you have been observing the weather storms are becoming more violent and causing damages to areas that didn’t have that type of weather before. Second, human activity will be another cause that affects my local ecosystem. Humans today are conducting construction more a more trying to create job, build cooperation, and roads. In the construction process, trees are being destroyed, lakes and streams are being drained and moved to different places. By destroying the trees organism are left without shelter food and other habitats that secure their survival. In our everyday activity we are polluting the water with the everyday washing of cars, and the drainage of sewers that eventually drain over into the lakes and streams kills the fish and causing the build up of algae that is causing death and serious sickness to wildlife and humans. In conclusion, we have to learn more about the environment and how it affects the ecosystem. All the changes that we make in the environment will affect something or someone. To save our ecosystem and environment we have to ask is this change really worth it. Global warming is already making a big impact on our world and if we continue to make the changes we are, the health of the world will continue to decline.

Potbelly Sandwich Shop Essay

1.Identify and describe Potbelly’s strategy in terms of product (present or new) and market (present or new). Potbelly’s strategy in terms of product is to offer all sandwiches at one price regardless of what comes on the sandwich. All of the meat is sliced fresh in the store, milkshakes are handmade, and cookies are freshly baked on site. The company hires nice people because they sell an experience, not just a sandwich. Potbelly is focused on selling good food, having a nice environment, and a friendly experience. The store does not necessarily have a marketing budget. The generate promotions based off of store openings or around local charities/programs. At one location they gave away a free sandwich to each person who gave a cash donation for a local organization. 2. How would you describe Potbelly’s positioning strategy? Potbelly has many different stores that range in many different sizes. Some stores are very small and based in airports, other stores are very large. Many stores have an outdoor patio area during warmer months. Potbelly selects mostly urban locations where there are not a lot of sandwich chains. The stores are homey and even provide real books for customers to read or borrow. The main market for Potbelly is young professionals under the age of 35. 3. What types of environmental opportunities and threats to you see in Potbelly’s external environment? How might they impact Potbelly’s current strategy? I personally feel that Potbelly has a great thing going for them. Compared to other sandwich chains they are not the same in any way. Locally, the main stores that come to my head are Subway, Jimmy Johns, and Hungry Hobo. These stores are all based on very fast service. You are more than welcome to sit down and eat, but nothing really keeps you there besides the food. Potbelly offers an experience with each meal. Some locations have live music that you can enjoy or books that you can sit and read. You are offered more than just a table to eat at when you are at Potbelly’s; you are offered a complete experience.

Save the Earth Ailing from the Vehicular Pollution

Vehicles on the roads contribute to air pollution in major way. Most of the vehicle plying on road are fuelled by petrol and diesel emitting pollutants like Ozone gas, Nitrogen Oxides (NO), particulate matter, soot smog, carbon monoxide (CO), sulphur dioxide (SO2) etc These emissions not only pollute the environment, but also pose variety of health risks for people. Pollution is the main reason behind skin cancers, asthma, bronchitis, and other respiratory disorders. Even newborn children can get affected.Following steps can be taken by the state and even individuals to save the environment. Adopt energy efficient engines All vehicles must have 3 way catalysts and fuel controls so that they emit out less smog. They should be made mandatory by law as has been done by the state of California. Build an efficient public transport system More cars on roads mean more smog, increased pollution. Hence the need of the hour is to come up with a public transport system, which can reduce number of vehicles thereby reducing congestion, and also caters to the increasing population.Use of alternate fuels Vehicles must be installed with engines that are fuelled by hydrogen, ethanol, methanol and natural gas. They are known as cleaner fuels because they release less CO 2 into the air. They are economical as they can be obtained from natural resources. Introduction of battery operated or electric vehicles They run on the chemical energy stored in the battery, which is rechargeable. Lithium batteries can be used for such vehicles. The emission is zero and is powered by motor controllers.Individuals can make following meaningful contributions in reducing vehicular pollution. †¢ People can resort to riding bicycles for shorter distances. Cycles are absolutely safe for the environment and good for our bodies too. Cycling is good form of exercise also. †¢ Even walking should be encouraged for viable distances. †¢ Office goers can engage in car pools. †¢ Engines ca n be switched off at signals and at possible places where you need to wait for more than few minutes. It also conserves petrol/diesel.

The Gap In Irelands Infrastructure And What Is Done To Close It Essay

The Gap In Irelands Infrastructure And What Is Done To Close It - Essay Example Today, from one of the poorest country, just some decades back, the country has moved to the top of the league; becoming one of the richest country in Europe today (Labohm, 2005; Wikipedia, 2006a; Ireland-Economic Profile, 2005). Although, Ireland is no longer a poor country with its per capita income now one of the highest in the European Community. Yet Ireland's infrastructure and social provision are far below the EU average. The growing poverty rates, unequal income distribution, growing rich-poor gap and the under-equipped transport, health and education systems represent the most visible signs of the extensive gaps in the country's infrastructural base. This poor infrastructure, especially as it concerns transport impacts heavily on several sectors of the country and most importantly on the increasing poor population (A Little Done, 2005). This paper therefore intends to look at the problem of infrastructure in Ireland; how bad it is and what the government is doing to remedy the situation. A good way to start the assessment of the infrastructural problems of the country is to attempt a pragmatic definition of the term 'infrastructure'. In the most general understanding, 'infrastructure' is employed to refer to a set of interconnected structural elements that provide the framework or basis that supports an entire system. However, when restricted to discussions concerning economic growth and/or development of a state or country, infrastructure refers to the facilities that enable the efficient running of individual and corporate businesses and improves the quality of lives for the inhabitants. This could include sectors of the economy as transportation, water supply, electricity/energy supply, waste removal, communications etc (Wikipedia, 2006b). Though, infrastructure is traditionally associated with transportation, such as road networks, railways, motorways etc; it is vital to point out that the term actually subsumes a wide range of facilities and services that enable the smooth running of individual and corporate existence in a state and thus includes more than twenty different areas of investment ranging from the transport, communications, electricity/energy, land development, utilities and even waste disposal and management. Most of Ireland's infrastructure used to be owned and operated by the government, however, things are changing, some are now being operated, partially or totally by the private sector, which holds serious implications for the infrastructural development of the country and the policies required to address the obvious deficits in the country's infrastructure (The Case for Change, 2005). The importance of a sound and well developed physical infrastructure not just for the country's development but also for the quality of life of its people cannot be overemphasised. In the fast moving global economy, people, goods and information must be able to move from one point to the other, quickly, reliably and efficiently. Businesses and investment are attracted to a region/state where good infrastructure exists, because enterprises will only thrive in an environment where physical and communication infrastructures are adequately deployed. Also, tourism is a strong revenue earner, providing thousands of jobs for the nation,

Upgrading Windows XP Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Upgrading Windows XP - Term Paper Example Preparing Your PC for an Upgrade Before you start upgrading your PC, you need to know and record the existing hardware and software configuration of your PC and then perform the following tasks: 1. Know your upgrade path: Windows 98, Windows Me, Windows 2000 Professional and Windows NT 4 Workstation are the operating systems that can be upgraded to Windows XP Professional directly. 2. Know the hardware requirements: A Pentium processor with 233 MHz is required or 300 MHz or higher processor speed is recommended. Minimum 64 MB RAM or higher is recommended. Minimum hard disk required is 1.5 GB or higher. An SVGA monitor is good enough or you can get a higher resolution monitor as well. (Donald & Chellis, 2005, p. 96). Windows XP is very demanding. Hence, before an upgrade, the aforementioned hardware requirements should be met to facilitate the installation process plus to prevent any post installation hardware failures due to incompatibility. More details regarding the hardware requirements are discussed as follows: a. Processor: In today’s computers, a 2 to 3 GHz processor speed would be efficient to run Windows XP. On checking your current processor configuration and if it is not at least 233 MHz, you would need to buy a new processor and install it as an upgrade. b. Random access memory: Once you have upgraded your PC’s processor, you are required to upgrade the RAM as well. RAM is the volatile memory that allows your computer to execute current programs and processes. Increasing the RAM size of your computer, makes the computer run faster and better. For Windows XP, you need to have at least 64 MB of RAM. This is a minimum amount. Ideal would be to have a 128 MB of RAM. Today computers come with a 256 MB RAM; so this is perfect amount to run the Windows XP on your system. c. Hard disk space: During and after installation, the Windows XP requires some hard disk space for storage. Hard disk is the non-volatile memory in your computer. It is capable of storing data and information permanently. It saves the operating system in it also. In order to upgrade your PC, you need to be sure that you have 650 MB free hard disk space to allow Windows XP to store its files. If you do not have enough free hard disk space, you need to make free spac e by deleting files, application programs and the like which you no longer need in your PC. d. Other requirements: You need an SVGA or higher resolution monitor, CD-ROM or DVD –ROM drive, a keyboard, and a mouse. You can also upgrade your internet connectivity speed and upgrade to a faster internet connection. You need to have good sound card, video card and speakers. If you have chosen to connect to a LAN, you would need a network adapter card upgrade. Furthermore, you can also get a tuner card to be able to watch television on your computer. These are options that can be considered after the installation but pondering over these before installation is a better option. (Simmons, 2005, p. 379-381). Whenever you are upgrading your operating system, you need to be sure of your data which you do not intend to loose. If the upgrade takes place in a smooth manner, then your entire data is still safely residing on your hard disk memory. However; problems may arise during upgrade wh ich can cause your data to get lost. Therefore, in order to be safe and careful, make a back up copy of all the important data residing in the hard disk of your computer. Using the back-up

Basing Sentencing on Retributivist Principles is the Most Effective Essay

Basing Sentencing on Retributivist Principles is the Most Effective Means of Producing a Less Punitive Range of Outcomes - Essay Example Retributive principle has had both supporters and critics. Many believe that retributive justice is the way to go as it brings justice to the victim and punishes the offender. But its critics argue that it is based on negative emotions such as revenge and does not contribute positively. It is backward looking and not forward looking. This debate has been on for a long time and many scholars and researchers have tried to address this issue. One of the main arguments supporting retributive justice is that it helps in reducing similar offences and injustices in the future. This essay revolves around this idea. The author of this essay believes that basing sentencing on retributive principles is the most effective means of producing a less punitive range of outcomes. This essay is aimed at justifying this ideology. In order to effectively justify the above, it is first necessary to understand retributive justice. And then the author argues why it is an effective means of producing less p unitive range of outcomes. Retributive Justice Retributive Justice is based on a simple concept that the wrongdoers or criminals must be punished and the punishment should be proportional to the damage caused. In simple words, people must get what they deserve. This means that a labour who works hard deserves to be rewarded while those who break the rules deserve punishment. Also everybody has a choice in the way they treat others. Hence, people only deserve to be treated the way they choose to treat others. It is on these simple ideas that the retributive principles are based2. The simplicity of the idea behind retributive principles is what has lead to the confusion over retributive justice and has attracted criticism. The basic requirement of retributive justice is that punishment is proportional to the crime and cases that are similar must be treated in the same way. Wrongdoers inflict harm and cause damage and hence the punishment and blame that they deserve must be in direct p roportion to the damage and harm caused3. Criticism of Retributive Justice Retributive principles have been criticised by many. One of the main criticisms of retributive justice is that it is backward looking. The retributivist theory does not look into the future but is only concerned about the crime committed in the past. Punishment is only looked from the perspective of a victim or the aggrieved party. Punishment according to retributive principles is a response to the crime and not a way to bring about social good (to the offender or the society). Critics of retributive principles take utilitarian views to support their argument. Utilitarian justice is forward looking and punishment is looked at as a tool to bring in social benefits. The severity of the punishment is not proportional to the crime but is with a purpose to reduce such crimes or offences4. Failure to take various factors such as social, economical, etc into account during imposing a penalty is another argument that critics use against retributive principles. That is if an offender is awarded with a penalty only based on the factor that it is proportional to the crime committed, then it might not be an effective one. For example, if a millionaire and an unemployed offender are both awarded the same penalty or fine based on the crime committed, then it might create an unjust situation. For the unemployed offend